Two campuses are halting diversity efforts in relation to the White House’s recent  against “divisive concepts” in federally funded programmes.

In a , the University of Iowa’s interim associate vice-president for diversity, equity and inclusion, Liz Tovar, said: “Let us state unequivocally that diversity, equity and inclusion remain as core values within our institution.” However, she continued, “after consulting with multiple entities, and given the seriousness of the penalties for non-compliance with the order, which include the loss of federal funding, we are recommending that all units temporarily pause for a two-week period”.

John A. Logan College in Illinois also suspended diversity events, including a Hispanic Heritage Month talk planned for next week.

In contrast, the ’s president and provost released a  in response to the order recommitting the campus to diversity, equity and inclusion work. “The educational efforts this order seeks to prohibit are critical to much-needed action to create equitable economic and social opportunities for all members of society,” they said.

̽����Ƶ

The executive order, released on 22 September, says that “many people are pushing a different vision of America that is grounded in hierarchies based on collective social and political identities rather than in the inherent and equal dignity of every person as an individual”. Such an “ideology is rooted in the pernicious and false belief that America is an irredeemably racist and sexist country”.

Citing the “malign ideology” of training materials and statements from recent diversity efforts at the Treasury Department and several national laboratories and museums, the order prohibits the promotion of “race or sex stereotyping or scapegoating” in the federal workforce or in the uniformed services. Federal contractors also will not be permitted to “inculcate such views in their employees” and grant funds will not be used for such purposes.

̽����Ƶ

Prohibited concepts under the order include that “one race or sex is inherently superior to another race or sex,” that the US “is fundamentally racist or sexist” and that “an individual, by virtue of his or her race or sex, is inherently racist, sexist or oppressive, whether consciously or unconsciously”.

Because the order mentions federal employees, agencies and contractors, there has been confusion even among experts in higher education-government relations, as to its scope. Does the order apply to all federally funded entities, including virtually all colleges and universities?

A senior administration official from the White House Office of Management and Budget, who declined to be named, said last week that the executive order “is not limited to federal agencies and applies to federal contractors and grant recipients when allowed by law. Agencies should review their grant programs to use the discretion they have to apply the prohibitions to grant recipients.”

Iowa’s Office of General Counsel said through a spokesperson that the university is “both a federal contractor and a recipient of funds from federal agencies. General Counsel believes the provisions regarding training of employees may be read as applicable to all our employees and not just to those working on or funded through federal contracts.”

John A. Logan did not respond to a request for comment about the college’s interpretation of the order, which resulted in the cancellation of events including the Hispanic Heritage Month talk.

Roberto E. Barrios, professor of anthropology at Southern Illinois University, was to deliver the talk, on invitation from John A. Logan’s diversity office. Barrios said that he was disappointed no one had contacted him prior to cancelling his talk to see if it did in fact violate the goal of the executive order.

“Critique is not an act of hatred, it’s an act of self-improvement,” he said. “One thing that a university education can do for us is be a means of acquiring new skills to earn a good livelihood and good jobs. But the other important mission is helping develop future citizens who can think critically…That’s my American dream.”

̽����Ƶ

Several free speech groups have released  against the order, warning that it amounts to censorship. Summer Lopez, senior director of free expression programmes at PEN America, said: “The implications for higher education and the creative community are grave, but the potential impact is broader than that as well. This is an assault on the essential freedom protected under the First Amendment, not just to speak but to receive information, to debate ideas freely and without fear of punishment, least of all from the government itself. Anything short of that is not democracy. This EO is not just words on paper. It is a danger to our fundamental rights, and it must be revoked immediately.”

̽����Ƶ

The executive order is part of a larger federal attack on critical studies, including the White House’s September Conference on American History, at the National Archives.

Taking aim at The New York Times’ Pulitzer Prize-winning 1619 Project, Howard Zinn and the Smithsonian Institution,  that “students in our universities are inundated with critical race theory. This is a Marxist doctrine holding that America is a wicked and racist nation, that even young children are complicit in oppression, and that our entire society must be radically transformed. Critical race theory is being forced into our children’s schools, it’s being imposed into workplace trainings and it’s being deployed to rip apart friends, neighbours and families.”

The American Historical Association released a  on the hastily organised event, saying that it “addresses this ‘conference’ and the president’s ill-informed observations about American history and history education reluctantly and with dismay. The event was clearly a campaign stunt.”

The historians’ group said that it “deplores the use of history and history education at all grade levels and other contexts to divide the American people, rather than use our discipline to heal the divisions that are central to our heritage”. Healing those divisions “requires an understanding of history and an appreciation for the persistent struggles of Americans to hold the nation accountable for falling short of its lofty ideals”. To learn from US history, “we must confront it, understand it in all its messy complexity and take responsibility as much for our failures as our accomplishments”.

Trump’s line of criticism does have supporters within academia. This week the conservative National Association of Scholars  the Pulitzer Prize board to rescind the prize from lead “1619” journalist Nikole Hannah-Jones for asserting, among other “manipulations”, that the American Revolution, not just the Civil War, was fought in large part to preserve slavery. Other historians have made similar critiques of that part of the project, and The New York Times issued a  in March.

Bruce Gilley, professor of political science at Portland State University and self-described “pro-colonial professor” and ” recently saw his book series on imperialism �����ڳٱ����. He said the order “does not ban DEI courses at universities for those who want to take them”, just the “forced indoctrination of students, as well as employees of federally funded institutions”.

“Just as I would not support mandatory training in capitalism and rugged individualism,” he said, “I do not support mandatory training in any political ideology. Claims that this is important to inspecting airplanes, discovering cancer cures or improving accounting standards are a thin cover for ideological impositions on the public square.”

Barrios’ cancelled event was not mandatory, and while some may chalk up diversity programmes as “liberal fluff”, he said, they’re sometimes about “life and death”. Barrios described the Charleston church shooter Dylann Roof, for instance, as an “uninformed kid trying to think about the history of his own nation” and “being denied a critical education about it”, with tragic consequences.

̽����Ƶ

This is an edited version of a story that .