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Airlines currently underestimate the amount of carbon dioxide they emit by up to 100 per cent, an academic has concluded. Antonio Filippone, senior lecturer at the School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering at the University of Manchester, has developed software that offers a more accurate way of estimating aircraft emissions. The software, which the university has made available commercially, can also be used to determine flight paths that minimise fuel consumption and vapour-trail formation, as well as to estimate passenger and luggage loads and planes' noise levels.