Social psychologists Susan Fiske and Cydnee Dupree have�� that scientists have when it comes to how the public perceives their profession. But I think it’s a problem that scientists can easily address with a bit of foresight.

Fiske and Dupree measured��people’s impressions of different groups in society based on��competence��– our smarts, skills and competitiveness – and warmth,��which can include our perceived sincerity and good-naturedness.

Take a look. Can you spot scientists here?

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Source:��

Susan Fiske and Cydney Dupree, 'Gaining trust as well as respect in communicating to motivated audiences about science topics', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014

In this measure, scientists come across as��highly competent but not very warm. They have high status in society, people think, so they must be pretty good at what they do, but they’re��just not sure about why it matters to them. In fact, this��sort of cold-but-competent stereotype can provoke��, according to Fiske and Dupree’s research. Indeed, I would hazard that this is��probably one of the core emotional strains of anti-elitism and anti-intellectualism in public life.

Conversely, check out doctors, nurses, teachers and professors. They’re competent and warm, in the public’s estimation. That stereotype provokes feelings of admiration, which is probably a lot closer to where science communicators would want to see “scientists” on this chart, especially if they care about public trust in science.

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So what’s the difference here? I think people intuitively understand��why��doctors and nurses do what they do. They save lives, and doing that sort of work requires some pretty obvious compassion and empathy for people.

Teachers teach. They love their students. Professors…profess, and they’re often motivated by passing on knowledge to the next generation, too.��But what do scientists do, generally speaking?��Well, science. And��that doesn’t tell the public much.

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In a lot of public communication, I see scientists lead with their��science and their methods and their expertise, but they don’t mention��why��they do what they do. Helping audiences understand��that “why” is so important. As Nasa’s Gavin Schmidt has��, failing to convey motivations to an audience means that people will fill in the blank with the nearest stereotype they have on hand.

So researchers and science communicators who want to come across as a little warmer, a little more��admired and, yes, a little more credible and relatable with audiences should consider the following:

Be personal

Ten��or 20 years into a scientific career – or heck, even at the end of a PhD programme – scientists��sometimes find it difficult to hark back to why they got started down their career path in the first place.

Maybe it was nature walks they��took when they��were kids. Maybe they had��an amazing teacher. Maybe they��were always blown away by big machinery. Or, like a lot of nerds, perhaps it was Star Trek��that did it. (Raises hand...)

In every scientist’s life, there is��some point or series of points at which they decided to dedicate themselves to difficult, sometimes tedious work, to discover new things. Finding that moment – even if it’s something you fell into – is so important for connecting with audiences.

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Be curious

Most scientists got into the field��because they were intrinsically fascinated by something. They were the kids who collected bugs in jars, who took the toaster apart and surprised their parents with dangerous birthday wish lists. (“But it’s just a chemistry set, mom!”)

, an award-winning science communicator, likes to use the example of researchers��who get dropped off in frigid��polar wastes��to study the climate. Are they doing that for the grant money? Or because it makes them the queen or king of the cryosphere?��No way. You have to be pretty damn curious to take a trip like that.

Be transparent

Why are you giving a talk, testifying before a committee or releasing a paper to the media? What’s your goal? For scientists, it’s usually to inform. They want people to be able to use research to guide the everyday choices they make, whether it’s what kind of medicine they use or what kind of food they buy. And on the policy front, scientists want to make sure that��political leaders��can make decisions based on the best science.��For scientists working on commercial products, it can also be to provide a service, grow a business or attract investors to a��new innovation.

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Scientists should always be upfront with audiences about what they’re doing, why, and who is supporting their work. They also have to self-reflect: sometimes scientists engage in public communication as an extension of��competition within the scientific community or��because they really think they know better than everybody else. Those are unhealthy premises from which to take on science communication work, and they can easily backfire, not just with the public, but with one’s colleagues too, especially when scientists leave their disciplinary lane.

Be real

All these points have to be genuine and to come across as genuine. Audiences can sense something fake or manipulative a mile away. So, for instance, scientists shouldn’t��namecheck the local sports team when giving a public talk unless they really love that team. And if a scientist wants to��invoke something general like being a parent, they should back that up with specific examples that are about them and their kid.��It’s those detailed, specific stories��that stick with audiences.

Fill in the blank

Helping audiences to fill in these blanks can be a huge favour. If a scientist can get it down to a minute, that might be the “elevator pitch” for their work. These stories are also good openers for talks and testimony. And they’re great fodder for personal websites and sprucing up dusty��faculty pages.

They can also be worth sharing on their own merits, as the growing����series has proven. And importantly, when scientists think deeply about why they really do what they��do, it can also����about their��own work��that help them��conceptualise new avenues for research.��That’s right: all this fuzzy��stuff about storytelling, narrative and audience can help researchers do better science, too!

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Aaron Huertas () is a science communicator who lives and and works in Washington, DC. This post originally appeared on his blog, .